How to Account for Additional Paid-in-Capital (APIC)

According to the May 2019 Financial Stability Report from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, there was more than $15 billion in outstanding commercial credit. While there are many ways companies can obtain funding, additional paid-in-capital (APIC) is one way to accomplish this goal.

Defining APIC

This term refers to the gap between a share’s par value and the distribution price. If an investor pays more than what the company sets for its IPO price offer, that is what determines APIC.

Defining Par Value

Par value is the initial offer price a publicly traded company decides to offer shares to investors during its initial public offering (IPO) on exchanges. Depending on the actual initial price for an IPO, it can be done for publicity reasons, to reduce litigation risks and to aid in improving shareholder return on investment.

Market Value

Based on how well a publicly traded company performs, this is the prevailing price that investors assign to the share price, which varies dynamically.

Determining APIC

Calculating APIC is done as follows:

APIC = (Issue Price - Par Value) x Number of Shares Acquired by Investors

If a company establishes a stock price of $2 per share, investors can decide to bid up each share price to $3 or $7 or $20 via their purchases. If there are 2 million shares outstanding selling for a total of $44 million, the excess of $40 million (beyond the $4 million in par value) is the APIC.

Based on these circumstances, a company's balance sheet should have the following entries:

- $4 million (paid-in-capital)

- $40 million (additional paid-in-capital)

When accounting for these stock purchases in this scenario, APIC is recorded on the balance sheet under the shareholder equity (SE) section. This can be seen as increasing a company’s bottom line because it results in them receiving additional cash from stockholders.

When it comes to recording the journal entry, the total cash generated by the IPO is recorded as an asset (debit) on the balance sheet, while the common stock and APIC are recorded as equity (credits).

Utility

The utility metric can yield a considerable amount of a business’ share capital, prior to retained earnings starting to accumulate. It helps provide a financial cushion for the company if retained earnings demonstrate a shortfall.

Companies that issue shares permit the business to not increase its fixed costs. Since this method is chosen instead of issuing bonds, there are no interest payments due to buyers of the bonds. Investors are not due any payments, including no dividend obligations. Business assets are also not subject to investor claims. Once shares are issued to investors, the generated funds are non-restricted, so the company can direct the funds as necessary.

APIC lets businesses produce money without any required assets backing the transaction. Depending on the company's future performance, buying stock at the IPO can generate massive returns.

Further considerations

When there are additional share offerings post IPO, either common or preferred shares, the APIC levels may grow, necessitating them to be documented on the business’s financial statements. If share repurchases are made, levels can be decreased.

While each business has many options to raise money, if a company uses this method, it’s important to ensure that they are accounted for properly. As always, contact a professional to ensure the best personalized advice.

These articles are intended to provide general resources for the tax and accounting needs of small businesses and individuals. Service2Client LLC is the author, but is not engaged in rendering specific legal, accounting, financial or professional advice. Service2Client LLC makes no representation that the recommendations of Service2Client LLC will achieve any result. The NSAD has not reviewed any of the Service2Client LLC content. Readers are encouraged to contact their CPA regarding the topics in these articles.

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